• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by Colloidal Coomassie? Blue stain

• Activity

  The lysine residue utilized for Ubiquitin chain formation is functionally important. Single lysine Ubiquitin mutants are ideal for investigating biological processes involving specific Ubiquitin chain linkage. Recombinant Human Ubiquitin K29-only allows for the formation of only K29-linked Ubiquitin chains. Reaction conditions will need to be optimized for each specific application. We recommend an initial Recombinant Human Ubiquitin K29-only concentration of 0.2-1 mM.

• Source

  E. coli-derived

• Accession #

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  8.7 kDa

Background: Ubiquitin

Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid (aa) protein that is ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitin is highly conserved with 96% aa sequence identity shared between human and yeast Ubiquitin, and 100% aa sequence identity shared between human and mouse Ubiquitin (1). In mammals, four Ubiquitin genes encode for two Ubiquitin-ribosomal fusion proteins and two poly-Ubiquitin proteins. Cleavage of the Ubiquitin precursors by deubiquitinating enzymes gives rise to identical Ubiquitin monomers each with a predicted molecular weight of 8.6 kDa. Conjugation of Ubiquitin to target proteins involves the formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine residue of Ubiquitin and a lysine residue in the target protein. This process of conjugation, referred to as ubiquitination or ubiquitylation, is a multi-step process that requires three enzymes: a Ubiquitin-activating (E1) enzyme, a Ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme, and a Ubiquitin ligase (E3). Ubiquitination is classically recognized as a mechanism to target proteins for degradation and as a result, Ubiquitin was originally named ATP-dependent Proteolysis Factor 1 (APF-1) (2,3). In addition to protein degradation, ubiquitination has been shown to mediate a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction, endocytosis, and post-endocytic sorting (4-7).

This Ubiquitin mutant contains only a single lysine, K29, with all other lysines mutated to arginine. This mutation renders Ubiquitin able to form poly-Ubiquitin isopeptide chains with other Ubiquitin molecules only via the K29 lysine.

• References:

1. Sharp, P.M. & W.-H. Li. (1987) Trends Ecol. Evol. 2:328.

2. Ciechanover, A. et al. (1980 ) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1365.

3. Hershko, A. et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1783.

4. Greene, W. et al. (2012) PLoS Pathog. 8:e1002703.

5. Tong, X. et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:25280.

6. Wei, W. et al. (2004) Nature 428:194.

7. Wertz, I.E. et al. (2004) Nature 430:694.

8. Arnason T., et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7876-7883.

9. Spence J., et al. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1265-1273.

10. Russel N.S., et al. (2004) Biochemistry 43:4844-4854.  

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  7314 (Human); 298693 (Rat)

• Alternate Names:

  RPS27A; UBA52; UBB ubiquitin B; UBB; UBC; Ubiquitin