• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain

• Endotoxin Level

  <1.0 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured in a cell proliferation assay using HMVEC human microvascular endothelial cells. Marconcini, L.     et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA     96:9671. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 0.1?0.3 μg/mL. Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized rhFlt-4/Fc Chimera at 5 μg/mL (100 μL/well) binds rhVEGF-D with an apparent K    _D <15 nM.  

• Source

  Spodoptera frugiperda,     Sf 21 (baculovirus)-derived Phe93-Ser201, with an N-terminal Met and C-terminal 6-His tag

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Met

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  13 kDa (monomer)

• SDS-PAGE

  17-20 kDa, reducing conditions

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Background: VEGF-D

Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D), also known as   c-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF), is a secreted glycoprotein of the VEGF/PDGF family. VEGFs regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during development and tumor growth, and are characterized by eight conserved cysteine residues that form a cystine knot structure (1-3). VEGF-C and VEGF-D, which share 23% amino acid (aa) sequence identity, are uniquely expressed as preproproteins that contain long N- and C?terminal propeptide extensions around the VEGF homology domain (VHD) (1, 2). Proteolytic processing of the 354 aa VEGF-D preproprotein creates a secreted proprotein. Further processing by extracellular serine proteases, such as plasmin or furin-like proprotein convertases, forms mature VEGF-D consisting of non?covalently linked 42 kDa homodimers of the 117 aa VHD (4 - 6). Mature human VEGF-D shares 94%, 95%, 99%, 97% and 93% aa identity with mouse, rat, equine, canine and bovine VEGF-D, respectively (4, 5). It is expressed in adult lung, heart, muscle, and small intestine, and is most abundantly expressed in fetal lungs and skin (1-4). Mouse and human VEGF-D are ligands for VEGF Receptor 3 (VEGF R3, also called Flt-4) that are active across species and show enhanced affinity when processed (7). Processed human VEGF-D is also a ligand for VEGF R2, also called Flk-1 or KDR (7). VEGF R3 is strongly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells and is essential for regulation of the growth and differentiation of lymphatic endothelium (1, 2). While VEGF-C is the critical ligand for VEGF R3 during embryonic lymphatic development, VEGF-D is most active in neonatal lymphatic maturation and bone growth (8?10). Both promote tumor lymphangiogenesis (11). Consonant with their activity on VEGF receptors, binding of VEGF-C and VEGF-D to neuropilins contributes to VEGF R3 signaling in lymphangiogenesis, while binding to integrin  alpha 9 beta 1 mediates endothelial cell adhesion and migration (12, 13).

• References:

1. Roy, H. et al. (2006) FEBS Lett. 580:2879.

2. Otrock, Z.H. et al. (2007) Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 38:258.

3. Yamada, Y. et al. (1997) Genomics 42:483.

4. Stacker, S.A. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:32127.

5. McColl, B.K. et al. (2003) J. Exp. Med. 198:863.

6. McColl, B.K. et al. (2007) FASEB J. 21:1088.

7. Baldwin, M.E. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:19166.

8. Baldwin, M.E. et al. (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:2441.

9. Karpanen, T. et al. (2006) Am. J. Pathol. 169:708.

10. Orlandini, M. et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281:17961.

11. Stacker, S.A. et al. (2001) Nature Med. 7:186.

12. Karpanen, T. et al. (2006) FASEB J. 20:1462.

13. Vlahakis, N.E. et al. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280:4544.

• Long Name:

  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D/cFos-induced Growth Factor

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  2277 (Human); 14205 (Mouse)

• Alternate Names:

  c-fos induced growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor D); FIGF; vascular endothelial growth factor D; VEGFD; VEGF-D; VEGF-DVEGFDc-Fos-induced growth factor