• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to inhibit proliferation of HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cells. Hsieh, S.Y.     et al. (2004) Oncogene     23:9183. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 3-12 μg/mL.

• Source

  Mouse myeloma cell line, NS0-derived Ala22-Ile350, with a C-terminal 10-His tag

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Ala22

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  37.5 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  75-80 kDa, reducing conditions

Background: Dkk-3

Dkk-3, also known as REIC (Reduced Expansion in Immortalized Cells), is one of four numbered members of the Dickkopf family of Wnt antagonists (1). Dkk-3 is a secreted monomer expressed in many normal human tissues, most strongly in heart, brain and spinal cord (1, 2), and during early embryonic development in the mouse (3). N-glycosylation at up to four sites preceding or between two conserved cysteine-rich motifs results in expression of a 45 - 65 kDa glycoprotein (1, 4). The cysteine-rich motifs contain 10 cysteines each, with prokineticin and colipase families containing sequences similar to those of the second motif (1, 5). Human Dkk-3 shows 82%, 88%, 85% and 53% amino acid (aa) identity with mouse, bovine, canine and chick Dkk-3, respectively, and 37 - 45% aa identity with other human Dkk family members. Several lines of evidence implicate Dkk-3 as a negative growth regulator. Dkk-3 is downregulated in many tumors as compared to normal cells, sometimes by loss of heterozygosity (4, 6). Downregulation by CpG hypermethylation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is correlated with faster progression and shorter survival (7). Release of cultured cells from serum starvation results in downregulation of Dkk-3 in late G1 phase of the cell cycle (6). Overexpression of Dkk-3 results in tumor cell-line-specific growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, and decreased tumorigenicity in nude mice (2, 4, 6). The prototype Dickkopf member, Dkk-1, antagonizes Wnt family signaling by binding to Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins) and promoting their internalization (1, 9, 10). Results are less straightforward for Dkk-3, where some studies show binding to LRP5/6 while others do not. These effects appear to be dependent on the cells and conditions used (1, 6 - 10).

• References:

1. Krupnik, V.E. et al. (1999) Gene 238:301.

2. Tsuji, T. et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 268:20.

3. Kemp, C. et al. (2005) Dev. Dyn. 233:1064.

4. Hsieh, S.-Y. et al. (2004) Oncogene 23:9183.

5. Bullock, C.M. et al. (2004) Mol. Pharmacol. 65:582.

6. Tsuji, T. et al. (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 289:257.

7. Roman-Gomez, J. et al. (2004) Br. J. Cancer 91:707.

8. Hoang, B.H. et al. (2004) Cancer Res. 64:2734.

9. Caricasole, A. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278:37024.

10. Mao, B. et al. (2001) Nature 411:321.

• Long Name:

  Dickkopf-3

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  27122 (Human); 50781 (Mouse)

• Alternate Names:

  dickkopf (Xenopus laevis) homolog 3; dickkopf 3; dickkopf homolog 3 (Xenopus laevis); Dickkopf-3; dickkopf-related protein 3; Dkk3; Dkk-3; hDkk-3; regulated in glioma; REIC; REICdkk-3; RIG; RIG-like 5-6; RIG-like 7-1