• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to inhibit BMP-6-induced alkaline phosphatase production by ATDC5 mouse chondrogenic cells. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 1?4 μg/mL in the presence of 150 ng/mL of Recombinant Human BMP-6 (Catalog # 507-BP).

• Source

  Mouse myeloma cell line, NS0-derived Cys25-Phe222, with a C-terminal 10-His tag

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Cys25

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  23.5 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  25-35 kDa, reducing conditions

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Background: TSG

Twisted Gastrulation-1 (TSG or TWSG1) is a cysteine-rich 24 kDa secreted glycoprotein that regulates BMP signaling (1, 2). It was initially identified for its role in dorsal/ventral patterning in Drosophila and Xenopus (1). Mouse TSG cDNA encodes 223 amino acids (aa) including a 25 aa signal peptide and a 198 aa mature protein with a cysteine-rich region (aa 26 ? 77) that interacts with BMPs and a C-terminal binding site for chordin (1, 3). Mouse TSG shares 98% aa identity with human, rat, canine, equine, bovine and porcine TSG. TSG can act as either an antagonist or an agonist for BMP signaling (1 ? 10). As an antagonist, the N-terminal domain of TSG can bind and inhibit BMP proteins directly, interfering with BMP receptor binding and activity (1, 4). Formation of a complex of TSG with chordin further enhances BMP inhibition (1, 4). As a BMP agonist, TSG promotes TLL-1 metalloproteinase cleavage of chordin to fragments that no longer inhibit BMP activity (3, 5). TSG effects on chordin are influenced by its concentration (2). TSG is widely expressed in the mouse embryo, and is co?expressed with chordin and BMPs 2, 4 and 7 in the developing limbs (1). Mice lacking TSG show varying degrees of abnormality in bone, cartilage, forebrain, thymus and spleen, in part dependent on the mouse background (2, 5 ? 8). In bone, TSG participates with crossveinless-2 (CV-2) to create BMP activity gradients and limit osteoclast differentiation (6, 7). Postnatally, TSG is strongly expressed in growth plate cartilage where it limits collagen expression and enhances osteoblast differentiation and endochondral ossification (2, 4). TSG also modulates BMP and TGF-beta signaling in thymocytes, T cells and early erythrocytes (9 ? 11).

• References:

1. Scott, I.C. et al. (2001) Nature 410:475.

2. Gazzerro, E. et al. (2006) Bone 39:1252.

3. Oelgeschlager, M. et al. (2003) Development 130:4047.

4. Schmidl, M. et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281:31790.

5. Zakin, L. and E.M. De Robertis (2004) Development 131:413.

6. Sotillo Rodriguez, J.E. (2009) J. Bone Miner. Res. 24:1917.

7. Zakin, L. et al. (2008) Dev. Biol. 323:6.

8. Nosaka, T. et al. (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:2969.

9. Graf, D. et al. (2002) J. Exp. Med. 196:163.

10. Tzachanis, D. et al. (2007) Blood 109:2944.

11. Tanno, T. et al. (2009) Blood 114:181.

• Long Name:

  Twisted Gastrulation Homolog 1 [Drosophila]

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  57045 (Human); 65960 (Mouse)

• Alternate Names:

  TSG; TSGtwisted gastrulation protein homolog 1; twisted gastrulation homolog 1 (Drosophila); TWSG1