• Species Reactivity

  Cotton Rat

• Specificity

  Detects cotton rat TNF-alpha in direct ELISAs and Western blots. In direct ELISAs, greater than 50% cross-reactivity with recombinant mouse TNF-alpha is observed, approximately 30% cross-reactivity with recombinant rat TNF-alpha is observed, 20% cross-reactivity with recombinant human TNF-alpha is observed, and 5% cross-reactivity with recombinant porcine TNF-alpha is observed.

• Source

  Polyclonal Goat IgG

• Purification

  Antigen Affinity-purified

• Immunogen

  E. coli-derived recombinant cotton rat TNF-alpha    
  Leu1-Leu156    
  Accession # AAL18818

• Formulation

  Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied as a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS.

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the antibody by the LAL method.  

• Label

  Unconjugated

Applications

• 
  

  Recommended    
  Concentration

  Sample

• Western Blot

  0.1 μg/mL

  Recombinant Cotton Rat TNF? alpha (Catalog # )

• 
  

• Neutralization

  Measured by its ability to neutralize TNF? alpha -induced cytotoxicity in the L?929 mouse fibroblast cell line. Matthews, N. and M. L. Neale (1987) in Lymphokines and Interferons, A Practical Approach. Clemens, M. J.     et al. (eds): IRL Press. 221. The Neutralization Dose (ND    ₅₀) is typically 0.01-0.05 μg/mL in the presence of 1 ng/mL Recombinant Cotton Rat TNF? alpha and 1 μg/mL actinomycin D.

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application.  are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Data Examples

Preparation and Storage

• Reconstitution

  Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS.

• Shipping

  The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. *Small pack size (SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at -20 to -70 °C

• Stability & Storage

  Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.    

• 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.

• 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

• 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Background: TNF-alpha

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ) also known as cachectin and TNFSF2, is the prototypic ligand of the TNF superfamily. It is a pleiotropic molecule that plays a central role in inflammation, apoptosis, and immune system development. TNF-alpha is produced by a wide variety of immune and epithelial cell types (1, 2). The 156 amino acid (aa) cotton rat TNF-alpha is homologous to a portion of the extracellular domain (ECD) of TNF-alpha from other species (3). It shares 64%?76% aa sequence identity with bovine, canine, equine, feline, human, mouse, porcine, rat, and rhesus TNF-alpha. The 26 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein is assembled intracellularly to form a noncovalently linked homotrimer (4). Ligation of this complex induces reverse signaling that promotes lymphocyte costimulation but diminishes monocyte responsiveness (5). Cleavage of membrane bound TNF-alpha by TACE/ADAM17 releases a 55 kDa soluble trimeric form of TNF-alpha (6, 7). TNF-alpha trimers bind the ubiquitous TNF RI and the hematopoietic cell-restricted TNF RII, both of which are also expressed as homotrimers (1, 8). TNF-alpha regulates lymphoid tissue development through control of apoptosis (2). It also promotes inflammatory responses by inducing the activation of vascular endothelial cells and macrophages (2). TNF-alpha is a key cytokine in the development of several inflammatory disorders (9). It contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes through its effects on insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism (10, 11).

• References:

1. Idriss, H.T. and J.H. Naismith (2000) Microsc. Res. Tech. 50:184.

2. Hehlgans, T. and K. Pfeffer (2005) Immunology 115:1.

3. Blanco, J.C. et al. (2004) J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 24:21.

4. Tang, P. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:8216.

5. Eissner G. et al. (2004) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15:353.

6. Black, R.A. et al. (1997) Nature 385:729.

7. Moss, M.L. et al. (1997) Nature 385:733.

8. Loetscher, H. et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:18324.

9. Clark, I.A. (2007) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18:335.

10. Romanatto, T. et al. (2007) Peptides 28:1050.

11. Hector, J. et al. (2007) Horm. Metab. Res. 39:250.

• Long Name:

  Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  7124 (Human); 21926 (Mouse); 24835 (Rat); 397086 (Porcine); 280943 (Bovine); 403922 (Canine); 100033834 (Equine); 493755 (Feline); 100009088 (Rabbit)

• Alternate Names:

  APC1 protein; Cachectin; Cachetin; DIF; TNF; TNF, monocyte-derived; tnfa; tnf-a; TNFalpha; TNF-alpha; TNF-alphacachectin; TNFATNF, macrophage-derived; TNFSF1A; TNFSF2; TNFSF2TNF superfamily, member 2; tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2); tumor necrosis factor alpha; Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2; tumor necrosis factor; tumor necrosis factor-alpha