• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by the ability of the immobilized protein to support the adhesion and survival of Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells. Koshida, S. and Hirai, Y. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.     234:522. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 0.4?2 μg/mL.

• Source

  E. coli-derived Met1-Arg189

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Met1

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  21.8 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  24 kDa, reducing conditions

Background: Epimorphin/Syntaxin 2

Epimorphin (EPIM), also known as Syntaxin 2 (STX2), is a type IV transmembrane protein that is a member of the syntaxin family of t?SNARE (target?Soluble NSF Attachment REceptor) membrane fusion proteins (1 ? 4). Intracellular Epimorphin functions as a vesicle fusion protein, but extracellular forms that are active in morphogenesis are also found. Mouse Epimorphin cDNA encodes 289 amino acids (aa) including a coiled?coil domain (aa 68 ? 101), a potential cell?recognition sequence (aa 105 ? 123), a sequence important for membrane transduction (aa 141 ? 150), a t?SNARE domain (aa 192 ? 254), and a C?terminal transmembrane domain (aa 266 ? 289) (1 ? 4). Within aa 1 ? 189, mouse Epimorphin shares 89%, 95%, 89% and 90% aa sequence homology with human, rat, bovine and porcine Epimorphin, respectively. Epimorphin has no signal sequence, but cell stress or Ca²⁺ influx induces plasma membrane crossing, with the assistance of annexin A2 and synaptotagmin?1 (5). A soluble, extracellular 30 kDa form of Epimorphin is produced from the membrane–associated 34 kDa form by cleavage at H246 (2, 5 ? 7). Complexes of 70 kDa and 150 kDa are presumed to be dimers and tetramers, respectively (1, 2, 6). Epimorphin produced by mesenchymal cells influences morphogenesis of epithelia in the breast, kidney, intestine, lung, pancreas, liver, skin and intestines (2, 4, 5). For cells such as lung, mammary or pancreatic epithelia, soluble Epimorphin promotes tubulogenesis or hollow sphere formation in vitro, while epithelia plated on Epimorphin or epimorphin?producing cells exhibit alpha v integrin?dependent adhesion and branching morphogenesis (2 ? 8). Mice genetically lacking Epimorphin are sterile due to abnormal spermatogenesis and testicular development (9, 10). Both endogenous and exogenous Epimorphin are shown to protect cells from oxidative stress (11, 12).

• References:

1. Hirai, Y. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 191:1332.

2. Hirai, Y. et al. (1992) Cell 69:471.

3. Koshida, S. and Y. Hirai (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 234:522.

4. Chen, C.S. et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284:6877.

5. Hirai, Y. et al. (2007) J. Cell Sci. 120:2032.

6. Lehnert, L. et al. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 152:911.

7. Hirai, Y. et al. (1998) J. Cell Biol. 140:159.

8. Fritsch, C. et al. (2002) J. Clin. Invest. 110:1629.

9. Akiyama, K. et al. (2008) J. Reprod. Dev. 54:122.

10. Wang, Y. et al. (2006) J. Clin. Invest. 116:1535.

11. Kinoshita, N. et al. (2011) J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26:201.

12. Iizuka, M. et al. (2007) Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292:G39.

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  2054 (Human); 13852 (Mouse)

• Alternate Names:

  EPIMepimorphin; Epimorphin; EPM; STX2; STX2AMGC51014; STX2Bsyntaxin-2; STX2CEpimorphin; Syntaxin 2